Child mortality is an issue of grave concern worldwide, but its alarming rates in Pakistan demand immediate attention. The country ranks among those with the highest child mortality rates, a statistic that is an indicator of a nation’s overall health.
This blog delves deep into the causes, statistics, and possible solutions to combat child mortality in Pakistan.
What is Child Mortality?
Child mortality, often referred to as under-five mortality, is the death of children under five. It is a key indicator of a nation’s overall health and development.
High child mortality rates are usually associated with poor healthcare infrastructure, inadequate nutrition, and prevalent diseases.
The Current Scenario: A Snapshot
Pakistan is currently faced with a critical public health crisis concerning child mortality. In 2023, Pakistan’s infant mortality rate stands at 55.77 deaths per 1000 live births, reflecting a decrease of 1.95% compared to 2022. Compared to more developed nations with significantly lower numbers, this is a daunting figure.
Key Contributing Factors
The increased child mortality rate in Pakistan can be attributed to a combination of factors, including a high prevalence of poverty, inadequate sanitation and healthcare services, and lower levels of education, particularly among women.
These circumstances have led to food insecurity, malnutrition, unsanitary living conditions, and limited access to healthcare facilities, all of which are direct outcomes of the pervasive poverty in the region.
1. Neonatal Death
It refers to the unfortunate loss of an infant within the first 28 days of life. Premature birth, low birth weight, and inadequate growth are three common factors contributing to neonatal death.
A premature baby may develop serious complications that can sometimes lead to death.
What kind of complications cause neonatal death?
The first point of infection in an infant typically occurs at the freshly cut umbilical cord, which traditionally receives inadequate sterilisation.
Moreover, in rural areas, the harmful practice of applying substances like Surma, warm oil, ghee, and ash to the newborn’s umbilical cord can significantly increase the risk of sepsis.
2. Healthcare Infrastructure
A significant part of the problem is insufficient healthcare facilities, particularly in rural areas.
Pakistan has faced significant challenges in advancing its healthcare system to meet the needs of its expanding population. As of 2017, the country had just 731 maternal and child health units, around 1201 hospitals, approximately 683 basic health units, and a combined bed capacity of slightly over 123,000.
Outdated medical equipment, insufficiently trained staff, unsafe deliveries and an absence of necessary medicines are just a few issues plaguing the healthcare sector.
3. Unsafe Deliveries & Poor Breastfeeding Practices
Pakistan Medical Association has identified unsafe delivery practices as a leading factor contributing to Pakistan’s high infant and maternal mortality rates.
In rural areas, nearly 50% of childbirths occur in homes, with approximately 72% overseen by unskilled midwives or family members.
Poor neonatal care, the disposal of colostrum, failing to initiate breastfeeding, and insufficient efforts to keep the baby warm are some of the prevalent detrimental homecare practices.
4. Lack of Vaccination
Around 70% of childhood deaths are due to infectious diseases, which can be attributed to the fact that only 58% of children at risk are vaccinated in Pakistan.
Immunisation against fatal diseases like polio, measles, and tetanus is vital for children. Unfortunately, Pakistan’s vaccination rate is extremely low, leaving children susceptible to life-threatening illnesses.
It’s important to remember that a significant portion of the population, particularly those living in rural areas of Pakistan, does not report their children’s vaccination status. This could contribute to disparities in the statistics.
Statistics: An Overview
National vs Regional Disparity
While national figures are concerning, they don’t reveal the whole story. Child mortality rates vary significantly from region to region, with rural areas suffering the most.
Age-specific Mortality
Infant mortality (children dying before age 1) is approximately 55 per 1,000 live births, while the mortality rate for children under 5 is even higher.
Gender Disparity
Interestingly, there is also a gender disparity in child mortality rates. Boys are slightly more likely to die before age five than girls.
Government Initiatives and NGO Roles
Government Programmes
The Pakistani government has introduced various initiatives to reduce child mortality, such as the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) and the Lady Health Worker Programme.
Role of NGOs
Non-governmental organisations also play a critical role in supplementing government efforts, particularly in remote and hard-to-reach areas.
Possible Solutions
Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure
Addressing the healthcare infrastructure, especially in rural areas, is crucial. The government must invest in modernising medical facilities and training healthcare staff to improve service delivery.
Awareness Programmes
Educating parents about the importance of vaccination and proper nutrition can go a long way. Community leaders and local healthcare providers should be involved in this educational outreach.
Public-Private Partnerships
Government collaborations with the private sector and NGOs can pool resources and expertise to tackle the issue more effectively.
Policy Changes
Legislation must be implemented to ensure that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone, regardless of socioeconomic status.
Conclusion
Child mortality in Pakistan is a multi-faceted issue that demands immediate attention. By improving healthcare infrastructure, spreading awareness, and facilitating public-private partnerships, we can hope to see a substantial reduction in the rate of child deaths.
By thoroughly understanding the root causes and working together as a society, we can pave the way for a healthier future for the children of Pakistan.
FAQs
Q1: What is the current child mortality rate in Pakistan?
Approximately 69 out of 1,000 children will not survive past the age of five.
Q2: What are the primary causes of child mortality in Pakistan?
Lack of healthcare infrastructure, malnutrition, and low vaccination rates are some of the leading causes.
Q3: Are there any government initiatives aimed at reducing child mortality?
The government has programmes like the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) and the Lady Health Worker Programme.